Bibliography
Alswat, K 2017, ‘Gender disparities in Osteoporosis’, Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 1 April, viewed 18 March 2022, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE
Bano, R & Mahmood, T 2020, Obesity and Gynecology, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Chapter 29 – Female obesity and osteoporosis, viewed 28 February 2022, <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128179192000292>.
The Big Osteoporosis 2020, DISCOVER IF YOU’RE AT RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS, The Big O, viewed 22 March 2022, <https://www.thebigo.com.au/education-tool>.
The Big Osteoporosis 2021, OSTEOPOROSIS BLOG, The Big O, viewed 22 March 2022, <https://www.thebigo.com.au/blog>.
Biology Libre Texts 2021, 4.5: Homeostatic Maintenance, Libre Texts, viewed 10 April 2022, <https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Lumen_Learning/Book%3A_Anatomy_and_Physiology_I_(Lumen)/04%3A_Module_2-_Homeostasis/4.05%3A_Homeostatic_Maintenance>.
Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation 2016, Raloxifene (Evista®), Bone Health, viewed 27 February 2022, <https://www.bonehealthandosteoporosis.org/patients/treatment/medicationadherence/raloxifene-evista/>.
Camacho, P 2020, Osteoporosis Overview, Remedy Health Media, viewed 4 March 2022, <https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-overview>.
Chen, X, Wang, Z, et al, 2017, ‘Osteoclast-osteoblast interactions’, National Library of Medicine, 21 March, viewed 2 March 2022, <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612831/#:~:text=Osteoblast%20and%20osteoclast%20are%20the,in%20stable%20at%20physiological%20conditions>.
Cosman, F, de Buer, S, et al 2014, ‘Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis’, National Library of Medicine, 15 August, viewed 11 April 2022, Osteoporosis International, PubMedCentral.
Florencio-Silva, R, da Silva Sasso, G, et al 2015, ‘Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells’, National Library of Medicine, 13 July, pp. 0-0, viewed 2 March 2022, PubMed Central, National Library of Medicine.
Fox Valley Imaging 2013, How does a DEXA scan measure bone density?, viewed 10 March 2022, <https://foxvalleyimaging.com/how-does-a-dexa-scan-measure-bone-density/>.
FRAX: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool 2022, Calculation Tool (Australia), Sheffiled FRAX, Sheffield UK, viewed 22 April 2022, <https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.aspx?country=31>.
Hankenson, K, Dishowitz, M, et al 2011, Angiogenesis in bone regeneration, National Library of Medicine, viewed 28 February 2022, <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21489534/#:~:text=Angiogenesis%20is%20a%20key%20component,to%20reach%20the%20injury%20site>.
Hawkins, R 2006, ‘Supplement: State of the Science on Nursing Approaches to Managing Late and Long Term Sequelae of Cancer and Cancer Treatment’, The American Journal of Nursing, vol. 106, no. 3, 3 March, pp. 78-82, viewed 19 February 2022, JSTOR, Ithaka Harbors, Inc.
Health Line 2019, Osteoporosis Complications, Health Line, viewed 3 March 2022, <https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoporosis-complications>.
Healthy Bones Australia 2021, Bone Health, Healthy Bones Australia, viewed 3 April 2022, <https://healthybonesaustralia.org.au/>.
Healthy Bones Australia 2021, Know Your Bones, Self Assess Your Bone Health, viewed 3 April 2022, <https://start.knowyourbones.org.au/questions>.
Healthy Bones Australia 2021, Prevent Broken Bones, Australia, viewed 25 February 2022, <https://healthybonesaustralia.org.au/osteoporosis-you/prevent-broken-bones/>.
Hill, A 2019, 7 Effective Ways to Increase Your Vitamin D Levels, Health Line, viewed 4 March 2022, <https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/9-foods-high-in-vitamin-d#2.-Herring-and-sardines>.
International Osteoporosis Foundation 2019, EPIDEMIOLOGY, Osteoporosis Foundation, Switzerland, viewed 19 February 2022, <https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/health-professionals/fragility-fractures/epidemiology>.
John Hopkins Medicine 2021, Osteoporosis: What You Need to Know as You Age, Hopkins Medicine, viewed 2 March 2022, <https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/osteoporosis/osteoporosis-what-you-need-to-know-as-you-age#:~:text=A%20T%20score%20of%20%2D1%20to,to%20be%20categorized%20as%20osteoporosis>.
Krans, B 2018, Bone Mineral Density Test, Health Line, viewed 25 February 2022, <https://www.healthline.com/health/bone-mineral-density-test>.
Kumar, V, Abbas, A, et al 2005, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease, 7th edn, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia.
Liu, Z, Zhang, M & et al 2020, ‘Efficacy and safety of 18 anti-osteoporotic drugs in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis caused by glucocorticoid: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.’, Public Library of Science, vol. 15, no. 12, 16 December, viewed 28 February 2022, GALE in context, Cengage Learning.
Matsuo, K & Irie, N, 2008, ‘Osteoclast-osteoblast communication’, National Library of Medicine, 29 March, viewed 2 March 2022, <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18406338/>.
Mayo Clinic 2020, Osteoporosis treatment: Medications can help, Mayoclinic, viewed 27 February 2022, <https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/in-depth/osteoporosis-treatment/art-20046869>.
Mayo Clinic 2022, Osteoporosis – Symptoms and causes, Mayoclinic, viewed 3 March 2022, <https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351968>National Health Service 2020, Steroids, NHS, UK, viewed 27 February 2022, <https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/steroids/>.
National Institutions of Health – National Human Genome Research Institution 2022, APOPTOSIS, Genome.gov, viewed 3 March 2022, <https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/apoptosis#:~:text=Apoptosis%20is%20the%20process%20of,a%20role%20in%20preventing%20cancer>.
National Institutions of Health – NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center 2019, Osteoporosis Overview, NIH Bones, viewed 3 March 2022, <https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/osteoporosis/overview>.
Nesterova, A, Klimov, E, et al 2020, ‘An Atlas of Human Disease Signaling Pathways’, Disease Pathways, vol. Chapter 12 – Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, pp. 533-568, viewed 28 February 2022, Science Direct, Elsevier
New York State 2020, What You Should Know About Steroids and Osteoporosis, Department of Health, viewed 27 February 2022, <https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/1985/index.htm#:~:text=Steroids%20have%20major%20effects%20on,bone%20at%20the%20same%20rate>.
‘Osteoporosis Exercises – Ask Doctor Jo’ 2016, Youtube, N.d.
‘Osteoporosis 101: What is Osteoporosis and What You Need to Know’ 2019, Amgen, Youtube, N.d.
Poole, K & Compston, J 2006, ‘Osteoporosis and its management’, BMJ: British Medical Journal, vol. 333, no. 7581, 16 December, pp. 1251-1256, viewed 19 February 2022, JSTOR, Ithaka Harbors, Inc.
‘Postmenopausal Osteoporosis’ 2012, Amgen, Youtube, N.d.
Radiological Society of North America 2021, Osteoporosis, RadiologyInfo, viewed 18 March 2022, <https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/osteoporosis#:~:text=To%20diagnose%20osteoporosis%20and%20assess,or%20DEXA>.
Radiology Affiliates Imaging (RAI) 2017, Worried About Osteoporosis? Here’s Why You Need DEXA, RAI, viewed 2 March 2022, <https://4rai.com/blog/worried-about-osteoporosis-heres-why-you-need-dexa>.
Tortora, G & Grabowski, S 1999, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th edn, Pearson, New York.
van der Mei, I, Ponsonby, A, et al 2007, ‘The high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency across Australian populations is only partly explained by season and latitude’, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 8, August, pp. 1132+, viewed 23 February 2022, GALE in context, Cengage Learning.
Versus Arthritis 2018, Bisphosphonates, viewed 27 February 2022, <https://www.versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/treatments/drugs/bisphosphonates/#:~:text=Bisphosphonates%20are%20a%20group%20of,over%20five%20years%>.
Wang, G, Wang, F, et al 2021, ‘miR-133a silencing rescues glucocorticoid-induced bone loss by regulating the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway.’, Stem Cell Research and Therapy, vol. 12, no. 1, 29 March, viewed 28 February 2022, GALE in context, Cengage Learning.
Weerakkody, Y 2010, Osteoid, Radiopaedia, viewed 27 February 2022, <https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoid>

